Overview

The network switch is the most common network device implemented with company infrastructure and as such the selection of any new switches or upgrading is a key part of most network design projects. The Cisco network switch components include Switch Chassis, Supervisor Engine, Switching Modules, IOS/CatOS software and Power Supplies. The decision to buy new switches or upgrade equipment will be decided after considering the network assessment and design features specified. Wireless designs, as an example, will have network switches interfacing with access points. That will have an affect on the switch such as increased utilization, assigned switch ports, access control lists, Trunking, Spanning Tree Protocol and increased wattage draw from Power over Ethernet (PoE).

Switch Chassis Features

The Switch Chassis features include – chassis dimensions, number of slots, processor slot assignments, switching fabric, engines types supported, power supplies, rack units needed.

Cisco Supervisor Engine (SE) Features

Cisco switches are implemented with an Engine (Switch Processor) for processing packets on a network segment. Routing is accomplished with an on-board Multi Layer Switch Feature Card (MSFC) or Route Processor running IOS code. The switch Engine running IOS code on the MSFC and the switch processor is in native mode, while those running CatOS on the processor are in hybrid mode. Some engines won’t support native and hybrid mode. The engine with no MSFC supports what is called CatOS mode. Select the engine that matches your design specifications. The MSFC module is integrated with the Engine or upgradeable. You must implement a PFC module with any MSFC. Some Engines have no MSFC module – the routing is integrated with the hardware and as such support native mode only.

The Cisco Supervisor Engine features include – supported chassis, uplink speed, processor memory, native IOS, CatOS, PFC, MSFC, slot assignment, failover.

These are some of the popular Cisco engines and their switching features.

720 – Cisco 6500 switches, 400 mpps, MSFC3, IOS, CatOS

32 – Cisco 6500 switches, 15 mpps, MSFC2A, IOS, CatOS

V – Cisco 4500 switches, 72 mpps, Integrated Routing, IOS

IV – Cisco 4500 switches, 48 mpps, Integrated Routing, IOS

Switching Module Features

The Switching Module features include – supported switch chassis, interface speed, number of ports, media, cabling, connectors, throughput (mpps), supervisor engines supported, protocol features, power over ethernet (Cisco prestandard or 802.3af).

- Media: Copper, Fiber

- Cabling: UTP Cat 5, CAT 5e, CAT 6, STP, MMF, SMF

- Connectors: RJ45, RJ21, SC, LC

- Transceivers: GBIC, SFP

Power Supply Features

The Power Supply features include – supported chassis, wattage ratings, failover, input/output amps, power cord type, IOS, CatOS.

IOS/CatOS Software

Cisco network switches can be deployed with IOS, IOS and CatOS or exclusive CatOS software. Design features will determine what mode and IOS or CatOS version is selected. The software running on the Route Processor must be IOS while the Engine Switch Processor will run IOS (native mode) or CatOS (hybrid mode). Some Cisco equipment such as the 4507R deploy the Supervisor Engine IV with no MSFC onboard. The Route Processor is integrated with the engine. With that design, the Engine IV doesn’t support CatOS.

Native IOS – deployed at the network edge where most routing occurs and some switching is needed

Hybrid – deployed at the network core where there is both routing and high speed switching

CatOS – deployed at the network access layer where there is switching and no routing

Switch Selection Process:

The following describes the 5 components of any network switch selection process:

1. Consider the network assessment and design features specified

2. Select switches that include all the design features

3. Select switches with proper scalability

4. Balance cost and equipment features while meeting budget guidelines

5. Select IOS and/or CatOS software version

The Network Assessment and design specifications should be considered before selecting any network switches. The network assessment examines the design, configuration and equipment that is implemented at the office where the selected devices will be deployed. The design specifications will determine performance, availability and scalability features needed. Selecting the IOS and/or CatOS version occur after deciding on the feature set. Companies will specify a budget and that is a key consideration with any equipment selection. It isn’t cost effective to select a Cisco 6509 switch for an office with 50 employees. It is important that you select equipment that meet the design specifications, has the scalability features needed while meeting budget guidelines.

Some typical switch features to consider:

1) Are there enough Chassis slots?

2) What Supervisor Engines are supported?

3) Does the Engine support failover?

4) Is Multi Layer Switching available?

5) What Switching Modules are available?

6) What Uplinks are available?

7) What Power Supply wattage is available?

How many Rack Units are needed?

Switch Selection Example:

The Network Assessment discovered the following at the company office.

· The Distribution Office has 300 employees

· Fast Ethernet (100BaseT) is implemented at the Desktop

· 6509 Cisco Switches with Gigabit Ethernet Trunking

· 3800 Cisco Router with dual T1 Circuits

· Power over Ethernet is implemented

· Multiple VLANS defined

· Local Unix and Windows Servers

· Some bandwidth intensive applications

· IP Telephony is implemented at all offices

· Wiring closets are 500 feet apart

· Several Rack Units are available in the Rack Cabinet

The design specifies that an additional 180 people will be employed soon. The company will have those employees working from a third floor where the nearest wiring closet is 500 feet from the Cisco 6509. The company will implement some Wireless, IP Telephony and define VLANS with each specific company department.

The following is a list of specific switching features needed:

1. 4 Chassis slots with Switching Modules of 48 Port – 10/100BaseT

2. Gigabit Ethernet Trunking between wiring closets

3. Supervisor Engines with failover

4. Multi Layer Switching

5. Power over Ethernet support

6. Dual Power Supplies with at least 2800W for IP Phones

7. Quality of Service for IP Telephony

8. Performance switching for converged telephony network

Selected Switch: Cisco 4507R

The Cisco 4507R switch has 7 slots and is a good selection with the additional 180 employees. The device will have 4 – 48 port modules with a slot available for any additional employees. The dual Engines IV will be assigned 2 slots with failover, Multi Layer Switching between VLANS and Gigabit Ethernet uplinks connecting the 6509 devices. Each of the switching modules are PoE capable with the new 802.3af standard. Dual power supplies provide enough wattage for implementing hundreds of Cisco IP Phones and Wireless Access Points. The engine performance is 75 mpps with wire speed switching. The Cisco 4507R is more cost effective than the nearest Cisco 6509 device. Several Engine models are available with additional performance features.

- 7 slot chassis with 2 Supervisor Engines and 4 Switching Modules with 48 Port – 10/100BaseT

- Engine IV with integrated Multi Layer Switching, failover, dual Gigabit uplinks

- Power over Ethernet (PoE) support with 802.3af standard

- Dual Power Supplies with 2800W or 4200W for Telephony, Wireless, Power over Ethernet

- Quality of Service features for voice traffic

- Fast performance with 75 mpps wire speed switching for converged networking

The 3750 series Cisco switch wasn’t as expensive however there were not enough slots, stacking technology is expensive and switches at 38.7 mpps compared with the 4507R device at 75 mpps. The company would have to buy 5 separate switches with 48 ports for 180 employees. The Cisco 2950 switch doesn’t have power supply failover and scalability. The 6509 switch was much more expensive, had 2 additional slots, more performance than was needed and the switching modules were expensive. Implementation is somewhat difficult with the 6500 Cisco devices.

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One of the ways to carry out inter-VLAN routing is by connecting a router to the switch infrastructure. VLANs are connected with unique IP subnets on the network. This subnet configuration enables the routing process in a multi-VLAN network. When using a router to facilitate inter-VLAN routing, the router interfaces can be connected to separate VLANs. Devices on those VLANs communicates with each other via the router.

There are different methods for accomplishing inter-VLAN routing:

i. Traditional Inter-VLANrouting. This type of packet routing process requires multiple physical interfaces on both the router and the switch.

ii. Router-on-a-stick. This is a type of Inter-VLAN router configuration in which a single physical interface routes traffic between multiple VLANs on a network.

A router interface is configured to operate as a trunk link and is connected to a switch port configured in trunk mode. The router performs this type of routing process by accepting VLAN tagged traffic on the trunk interface coming from the adjacent switch and internal routing between the VLANs using sub interfaces. The router then forwards the routed traffic-VLAN tagged for the destination VLAN out the same physical interface.

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 Two Cisco routers with one Ethernet port and one serial port.

• Cisco IOS 10.0 or higher
• One PC for consoling into routers with terminal emulation software
• One serial cable
• One Cisco rollover cable

 Setup: Step 1: Physical Connections Connect the following interfaces:

 Console: Connect your PC/terminal to the console port using a rollover cable and HyperTerminal (9600-8-N-1-no flow)

• Ethernet: Connect Ethernet ports to a hub or a switch using a straight-through cable. Use a cross-over cable if going directly from the PC’s NIC to the Ethernet (AUI) port on the router using a transceiver.
• Serial: If going directly between two routers, don’t forget to connect one port via the DTE cable and the other via the DCE cable.

Step 2: Boot up the routers Just say “no” to use the setup mode (setup dialogue). The setup mode will only allow you to configure the router with the basic features and not with any advanced features. If asked if you would like to terminate the auto configuration; say “yes”. Let the routers finish booting.

Step 3: Host Name and Passwords Begin your configuration with the host name and passwords. This is to remind you of what router you are configuring and now’s the time to start thinking about router security.

RouterA

router>en

router#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

router(config)#hostname RouterA (sets the router’s name)

RouterA(config)#enable secret cisco (Sets the secret password for the router)

RouterA(config)#line vty 0 4 (there are five concurrent connections for the telnet ports coming into a Cisco 2500 router. We are setting the login password on all five of them)

RouterA(config-line)#login (This enables the router to require a login password for a telnet session to the router)

RouterA(config-line)#password cisco (this sets the login password for all 5 telnet sessions coming into the router as cisco)

RouterA(config-line)#exit

RouterA(config)#^Z (This is the key combination of control+z which takes you back to the privileged executive mode)

RouterA#

RouterB

router>en

router#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

router(config)#hostname RouterB (sets the router’s name)

RouterB(config)#enable secret cisco (Sets the secret password for the router) RouterB(config)#line vty 0 4 (there are five concurrent connections for the telnet ports coming into a Cisco 2500 router. We are setting the login password on all five of them)

RouterB(config-line)#login (This enables the router to require a login password for a telnet session to the router)

RouterB(config-line)#password cisco (this sets the login password for all 5 telnet sessions coming into the router as cisco)

RouterB(config-line)#exit

RouterB(config)#^Z (This is the key combination of control+z which takes you back to the privileged executive mode)

FYI: Anytime you make a configuration change to a router and you come back to the privileged exec mode you need to save your changes to NVRAM. This ensures that if the router reboots, you won’t loose your changes which are in the running-config which is volatile RAM. The following command(s) saves your changes to the startup-config.

RouterA#copy running-config startup-config

or

RouterA# copy run start

or

RouterA#wr me (short for write memory)

Step 4: Adding IP Addresses Adding IP addresses, is a basic function of configuring routers. Below is an example of configuring both an Ethernet and serial interface. For serial interface with the DCE cable you will need to also add the clocking with the clockrate command. Get the IP addresses from the network diagram.

RouterA RouterA#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

RouterA(config)#int e0

RouterA(config-if)#ip address 172.16.12.1 255.255.255.0

RouterA(config-if)# description LAN Network for

RouterA RouterA(config-if)# no shutdown

RouterA(config-if)#int s0

RouterA(config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.1 255.255.255.0 (RouterA will have the serial 0 with the DCE end of the serial cable. The other partner will have serial1 with the DTE end of the serial cable. Check the network diagram to confirm to see who has what interface)

RouterA(config-if)#clockrate 250000 (DCE interface only which is the s0 on RouterA)

RouterA(config-if)#no shutdown

RouterA(config-if)#description Network connection to RouterB

RouterB

RouterB#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

RouterB(config)#int e0

RouterB(config-if)#ip address 172.16.11.1 255.255.255.0

RouterB(config-if)# description LAN Network for RouterB

RouterB(config-if)# no shutdown

RouterB(config-if)#int s1

RouterB(config-if)#ip address 172.16.10.2 255.255.255.0

RouterB(config-if)#no shutdown

RouterB(config-if)#description Network connection to RouterA

Once both routers are configured properly, you should be able to use the ping command and ping the interface e0 on each of the routers from the neighboring router. If you do a show ip route on both routers and do not see the directly connected interfaces in the routing table, they are either not configured or they never came up. Confirm that the IP addressing took and the interfaces came up by using the show ip int and looking at the interfaces’ status and ip address configuration. RouterA# show ip route RouterA# show ip int Do this on both routers.

Step 5a: Adding Dynamic Routing: RIP For this router to participate in a dynamic routing using a dynamic routing protocol like RIP or IGRP, you’ll need to enable a routing protocol and advertise the directly connected networks that want advertised.. We only advertise the classful network address, not the subnet mask of the network.

RouterA

RouterA>en RouterA#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. RouterA(config)#router RIP RouterA(config-router)#network 172.16.12.0

RouterB

RouterB>en RouterB#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

RouterB(config)#router RIP

RouterB(config-router)#network 172.16.11.0

FYI: We need to advertise the network, not any particular host. An example of that would be enabling RIP on RouterB. We want the other router (RouterA) to know that any packet destined for the network 172.16.11.0 can be sent to RouterB which has a directly connected 5 entry in it’s routing table showing what interface to send the packet to; in this case its e0. If you route to 172.16.11.1, all your every going to route to, is the e0 on RouterB and nothing else. Test your configuration to ensure that it is configured properly by pinging from router to router. Check your routing table for entries that are preceded by a capital letter “R” to ensure that you are receiving routing updates using RIP. Ensure that your partner has finished configuring his router so that you can receive his updates. No updates, no ping. Do a show ip protocol to see what routing protocol is configured on the routers.

Step 5b: Adding Dynamic Routing: IGRP IGRP uses an autonomous system (AS) number or process id. This number must be the same on all routers wanting to share IGRP routing updates or they don’t share. Turn RIP off before you turn on IGRP. For this lab we’ll be using an AS number of 100.

RouterA

RouterA>en RouterA#config t

RouterA(config)#no router rip RouterA(config)#router igrp 100

RouterA(config-router)#network 172.16.12.0 (again, just the network portion of the IP for your Ethernet network, NO subnet mask)

RouterB

RouterB>en RouterB#config t Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

RouterB(config)#no router rip

RouterB(config)#router igrp 100

RouterB(config-router)#network 172.16.11.0 (again, your Ethernet network IP NO Subnet Address)

Step 6: Adding Default Routes Good candidates for default routes are routers which are known as the boundary router. This is a router which is normally part of a stub network. Inside the stub network, the routers may be participating in a dynamic routing using a protocol like RIP, but only a static default route is needed to connect the stub network to the Internet.

RouterA

RouterA>en RouterA#config t RouterA(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.10.2

RouterB

RouterB>en RouterB#config t

RouterB(config)#ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 172.16.10.1

Step 7: Adding Static Routes A static route can be used for different reasons. One reason may be for a router to connect to another router in a lab. You’ll need to turn off all routing protocols before you configure the router for static routing.

RouterA

RouterA>en

RouterA#config t

RouterA(config)#no router igrp 100

RouterA(config)#ip route 172.16.11.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.2 What we are saying here is: For RouterA to route to the network 172.16.11.0, go to the next hop interface which is the serial1 (172.16.10.2) attached to RouterB. Since RouterB knows about the directed connected Ethernet network of 172.16.11.0, it will have route for it in its routing table proceeded by the letter “C”. (See next example)

RouterB#sh ip route (Output omitted) 172.16.0.0/24 is subnetted, 1 subnets C 172.16.0.0 is directly connected, Ethernet0 RouterB# RouterB

RouterB>en

RouterB#

RouterB#config t

RouterB(config)#no router igrp 100

RouterB(config)#ip route 172.16.12.0 255.255.255.0 172.16.10.1

Step 8: Testing and Monitoring At this point it is a good idea to start testing your network using various commands. Perform the following on both routers.

RouterA# show ip route

RouterA# show ip interface brief (This command shows the IP and status of all interface)

RouterA# show controller s0 (Shows whether or not the serial cable is DCE or DTE.)

RouterA# ping ip-address

RouterA# trace ip-address

RouterA# debug ip rip (Remember to turn debug off when done, use undebug all, no debug all or un all)

RouterA# terminal monitor (for using debug from a telnet session, otherwise debug output will go to the console. Caution: This will cause the debug output to go to all telnet sessions on the router.)

Show commands

RouterA# terminal no monitor(To turn off monitoring during a telnet session.)

RouterA# show cdp neighbors

RouterA# show ip protocols

RouterA# #show version

RouterA# #show flash

RouterA# show ip route (shows the routing table)

RouterA# show memory

RouterA# show stacks

RouterA# show buffers

RouterA# show arp

RouterA# show processes

RouterA# show processes cpu

RouterA# show tech-support

Step 9: Finishing up Once you have your routers up and working you may wish to run some commands to make working on Cisco routers easier and to stop some of the default annoying behavior of Cisco routers.

RouterA(config)# ip host RouterB 172.16.10.2 (This configures a host table entry for the name RouterB. So instead of having to remember the IP of RouterB to ping it, you can now ping it using its name, RouterB. It’s the same as using a hosts file on a computer. If you just type in RouterB and hit enter, the router will assume you’re wanting to telnet into RouterB using port 23)

RouterA(config)# no ip domain-lookup (When there is no DNS server and you miss spell a single word command, it will try to do a DNS lookup using a broadcast address of 255.255.255.255. To stop this lookup of a non-existent DNS server, we can turn off the DNS lookup capability using this command.)

RouterA(config)# banner motd #!!!!Warning! Authorized Access Only!!!!# (This message will be seen by anyone trying to logon to your router. The # sign is known as a delimiting character and is used to identify the text portion of the MOTD. Notice that the actual message starts and ends with the delimiting character)

RouterA(config)# no service-config (When you reboot a Cisco router, the default behavior is to try and find a configuration file on the network using a number of methods over a broadcast address of 255.255.255.255. To stop this annoying behavior, Use this command.)

RouterA(config)#no logging console (Each time you leave one level of the router and return to the previous level or bring an interface up, you get a read out on the console screen. If you get busy typing and configuring the router this can be distracting and annoying. Use this command to stop the logging of messages to the console screen.) And don’t forget to…

RouterA# show running-config

RouterA# copy running-config startup-config

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Implementing HP BladeSystem

Exam Number/Code : HP0-S20

Exam Name : Implementing HP BladeSystem

Questions and Answers : 67 Q&As

Exam details

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* Number of items: 60

* Item types: multiple choice, drag-and-drop, point-and-click

* Exam Time: 90 minutes

* Passing Score: 70%

* Reference Material: No on-line or hard copy reference material will be allowed at the testing site.

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Advanced Security for Account Managers

Exam Number: 646-563

Duration: 60 minutes (55 – 65 questions)

Available Languages: English and Japanese

Exam Description

The Advanced Security for Account Managers 646-563 ASAM is the exam associated with the Cisco Security Advanced Sales Specialist certification. Candidates can prepare for this exam by taking the Security Advanced Sales e-learning course. This exam tests a candidate’s knowledge of Cisco security products and product positioning as well as ability to influence key customer decision makers.

Exam Topics

The following topics are general guidelines for the content likely to be included on the Remote Access exam. However, other related topics may also appear on any specific delivery of the exam. In order to better reflect the contents of the exam and for clarity purposes, the guidelines below may change at any time without notice.

* Describe and identify the capabilities of Cisco security technologies

* Qualify an opportunity with a customer

* Develop and recommend the appropriate Cisco solutions and services

* Describe the value of Cisco Lifecycle Services for Advanced Security

* Develop a value proposition for a Cisco security solution

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• If there is no Pass4sure 640-863 I’m able to acquire CCDA

To get CCDA certification, you require to pass an exam called Designing for Cisco Internetwork Solutions (DESGN) Exam # 640-863. It is a computer-based exam comprising of 65 queries with the time limit of 90 minutes. You can take this exam at Prometric or VUE examing centers. This certification is valid for 3 years. This exam evaluates and assesses your ability to design small to medium sized networks keeping in mind about its performance, security, capacity and scalability.

To thoroughly prepare yourself for the CCDA certification exam, you require an effective strategy based on your knowledge, skills and experience in this domain. For example, if you have done any kind of on-job-preparation before, your approach will be different from someone who has attended the DESGN course, which is suggested by Cisco before taking the CCDA certification exam. And those who are novice and are planning to get into networking require too much of dedication and hard work. On the other hand, regardless of your strategy and your background, there are certain books obtainable, which are designed to serve you to attain the level from where you can at least meet the criteria the exam within a minimum span of time.

To start with, you must familiarize yourself with the topics covered under this exam. Then, either you can choose for any kind of preparation or any course to get a proper guidance and get your concepts and doubts cleared. People with some background in this field can definitely opt for self-study with the help of books. To evaluate yourself, you can use the assessment tools provided in the CD-ROM, which comes with the books or separately as well consisting of quizzes and sample queries. To thoroughly practice the queries, you can get CD’s having simulators of exam engines consisting of thousands of queries to practice along with solutions to know your mistakes and get your doubts cleared. This is how you can implement your plan and successfully accomplish the CCDA certification.

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